부록:영어 발음

영어

모음

enPR / AHD^[1]	IPA					examples
enPR / AHD^[1]	RP	GenAm	CanE	AuE	NZE	examples
ä	ɑː	ɑ	ɒ, ɑ	ɐː, aː		father, palm
är	ɑː(ɹ)	ɑɹ		ɐː, aː		arm, bard, starry, start
ă	æ, a	æ			ɛ	bad, cat, ran, trap^[2]^[3]
ăr	æɹ, aɹ	æɹ, ɛɹ	ɛɹ	æɹ	ɛɹ	carry, marry, paragraph^[4]
ā	eɪ			æɪ		day, pain, hey, weight, face
âr	ɛə(ɹ)	eɹ, ɛɹ	ɛɹ	eː	iə, eə	hair, there, fairy, vary, Mary, square^[5]^[6]^[7]^[4]
ĕ	ɛ			e		bed, egg, meadow, dress^[8]
ĕr	ɛɹ			eɹ		very, error, merry^[4]
ē	iː	i		iː		ease, see, siege, ceiling, fleece
îr	ɪə, ɪː(ɹ)	ɪɹ	iɹ	ɪə	iə, iːə	near, here, serious^[6]^[7]
(ē)	ɪ, i, iː	i		iː		city, happy, everyday, mania, geography^[9]
ĭ	ɪ				ə	sit, city, bit, will, kit
(ĭ)	ɪ	ə				roses, spotted, secure
ĭr	ɪɹ				əɹ	mirror, Sirius
ī	aɪ		aɪ (ʌɪ)	ɑɪ	aɪ	my, rice, pie, hi, Mayan, price^[10]
ŏ	ɒ	ɑ	ɒ, ɑ	ɔ, ɒ		not, wasp, cot, lot
ŏr 스크립트 오류: "attention" 모듈이 없습니다.	ɒɹ	ɑɹ (rarely oɹ)	oɹ	ɔɹ, ɒɹ 스크립트 오류: "attention" 모듈이 없습니다.		borrow, sorry, sorrow, tomorrow (sometimes morrow)^[11]
ŏr 스크립트 오류: "attention" 모듈이 없습니다.	ɒɹ	oɹ (regionally ɑɹ)	oɹ	ɔɹ, ɒɹ 스크립트 오류: "attention" 모듈이 없습니다.		horror, forest, orange, quarrel, warrior^[11]^[12]^[13]
ôr	ɔːɹ	oɹ		oːɹ		forum, glory
ôr	ɔː	oɹ		oː		horse, north,^[6] hoarse, force^[13]
ô	ɔː	ɔ (with the cot-caught merger: ɑ)	ɒ, ɑ	oː		law, caught, thought^[14]
ō	əʊ	oʊ		əʉ, ɐʉ	ɐʉ	no, go, hope, know, toe, goat
oi	ɔɪ			oɪ		boy, noise, choice
o͝o, ŏŏ	ʊ					put, foot, wolf
o͝or, ŏŏr	ʊə, ɔː(ɹ)	ʊɹ		ʊə	ʉə, ʉːə, oː	tour, tourism, stoor, cure^[6]
o͞o, ōō	uː	u		ʉː		lose, soon, through, goose
ou	aʊ			æɔ	æʊ	house, now, tower, mouth
ŭ	ʌ			ɐ, a		run, enough, up, other, strut^[15]
ûr	ɜː(ɹ)	ɜɹ		ɜː	øː	fur, blurry, bird, swerve, nurse^[16]^[17]
ə	ə					Rosa's, about, oppose, comma
ər	ə(ɹ)	əɹ		ə	ə, ɐ, a	winner, enter, error, doctor, letter, asterism, terrorist^[16]^[17]

외국 모음

enPR / AHD^[1]	IPA	examples
œ	œ, ø	oeuvre, Königsberg
ü	y	Debussy, Württemberg (also used in some dialects, e.g. the MLE pronunciation of wound)

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 매개변수 오류: url 및 제목 매개변수가 필요합니다. (url: https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf).
↑ RP /æ/ is sometimes transcribed /a/, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
↑ See bad–lad split for more discussion of the vowel /æ/ in Australian English.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 In many accents in the United States and most accents in Canada, some or all of the vowels of Mary, marry, and merry are merged (the Mary–marry–merry merger). If all three are merged, the resulting vowel is usually transcribed /ɛɹ/. In accents that distinguish all three, marry has /æɹ/, merry has /ɛɹ/, and Mary has /eɹ/.
↑ An older alternative symbol to RP /ɛə/ is /eə/, reflecting the mid height of the vowel in earlier RP, and the fact that it was a centring diphthong.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 RP in the early 20th century had five centring diphthongs /ɑə/, /eə/, /ɪə/, /ɔə/, /ʊə/. Of these, /ɔə/ in force formerly contrasted with a long vowel /ɔː/ in north, thought. All of them are now generally pronounced as long monophthongs (pure vowels) /ɑː/, /ɔː/, /ɛː/, /ɪː/, /ɵː/ (monophthongization). However, many words that formerly had /ʊə/ (= /ɵː/) are now pronounced with /ɔː/. /ɑə/ monophthongized first, very early in the 20th century, then /ɔə/, and more recently the rest.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Many speakers of New Zealand English, especially younger speakers, make no distinction between the vowels of near and square; see near–square merger for more discussion.
↑ /ɛ/ is sometimes transcribed /e/ for RP—for example, in the Collins English Dictionary.
↑ In some dictionaries such as the Longman and the Collins English dictionaries, /i/ is used as an archiphoneme to represent the neutralization of the distinction between /ɪ/ and /iː/ in this position.
↑ For RP, /aɪ/ is also transcribed (e.g. by Oxford University Press) as /ʌɪ/.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 The words borrow, sorry, sorrow, tomorrow, and, for some speakers, morrow, and words derived from these, are most often pronounced with /ɑɹ/ (like start) in GenAm, while other words like horror and forest are more often pronounced with /oɹ/ (like horse, hoarse). See e.g. borrow, sorry, horror, forest in Merriam-Webster.
↑ This sequence only occurs before another vowel. In General American accents influenced by some American English dialects, such as eastern coastal American English, the /ɑɹ/ in forest and origin is distinguished from the /oɹ/ in horse and north, unlike in General American. See Mergers of /ɒɹ-/ and /ɔːɹ-/ for more details.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 General American /oɹ/ is alternatively transcribed in other dictionaries as [oɚ, ɔɚ] (Merriam-Webster), /ɔːr/ (Cambridge, Longman), /ɔr/ (Collins), and /oʊr/ (Dictionary.com). Discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#the vowel of floor, horse, etc in GenAm.
↑ In varieties of General American where the vowels of lot and thought are merged (cot–caught merger), the merged vowel is transcribed /ɑ/.
↑ Some linguists, such as Geoff Lindsey, former phonetics lecturer at University College London, and Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego, argue that /ʌ/ is not distinct from /ə/ in General American. Compare the note about the nurse vowel, /ɜɹ ~ əɹ/. This has been discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#ʌ in American English pronunciations.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 The nurse vowel /ɜɹ/ is generally not considered phonemically distinct from /əɹ/ in General American and Canadian English (see for instance this article by Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego). It is transcribed distinctly for consistency with the Received Pronunciation transcription system and because they differ in aspects like stress; however, dictionaries of the Oxford University Press such as the Oxford English Dictionary transcribe the nurse vowel as /əː/ for RP and British English as well as US English. The Merriam–Webster Dictionary uses non-IPA "ər" (corresponding to IPA [ɜɹ, əɹ] for both /ɜɹ/ and /əɹ/. Compare the note about the strut vowel, /ʌ/ ~ /ə/. This has been discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#/ɝ/ vs /ɚ/ in GenAm.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 Separate from the question of whether /ɜɹ/ and /əɹ/ are the same, reference works differ in whether they transcribe these sounds as /Vɹ/~/Vr/ or /V˞/: these notations are interchangeable. /ɜɹ/ refers to the same sound as /ɝ/. /ɚ/ refers to the same sound as /əɹ/.

자음

IPA	enPR / AHD^[1]	examples
b	b	but, web, rubble
t͡ʃ	ch	chat, teach, nature
d	d	dot, idea, nod
f	f	fan, left, enough, photo
ɡ	g	get, bag
h	h	ham
ʍ (hw)^[2]	hw	which
d͡ʒ	j	joy, agile, age
k	k	cat, tack
x	ᴋʜ^[3]	loch (Scottish English)
l	l	left
l̩ (əl)^[4]	l	little
m	m	man, animal, him
m̩ (əm)^[4]	m	spasm, prism
n	n	note, ant, pan
n̩ (ən)^[4]	n	hidden
ŋ	ng	singer, ring
p	p	pen, spin, top, apple
ɹ^[5]	r	run, very
s	s	set, list, ice
ʃ	sh	ash, sure, ration
t	t	ton, butt
θ	th	thin, nothing, moth
ð	th	this, father, clothe
v	v	voice, navel
w	w	wet
j	y	yes
z	z	zoo, quiz, rose
ʒ	zh	vision, treasure

↑ 매개변수 오류: url 및 제목 매개변수가 필요합니다. (url: https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf).
↑ Some phonologists dispute that /ʍ/ is a distinct phoneme in English, and use /hw/ instead.
↑ The AHD uses ᴋʜ not only for /x/ but also for /ç/, as in the German pronunciation of Königsberg. /ç/ is not phonemic in GA or RP, but occurs as an allophone of /hj/ in many dialects, e.g. in human (however, the AHD represents it as h in English words).
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Some phonologists dispute that /l̩/, /n̩/, /m̩/ are distinct phonemes in English, and use /əl/, /ən/, /əm/ instead.
↑ Often written /r/, especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is usually not a trill. For further information, see Pronunciation of English /r/.

경음과 연음

경음과 연음 (위키백과)

반모음 연결

기타 기호

IPA	enPR (AHD)	indicates
ˈ (ˈa)	′ (a′)	primary stress, as in rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/
ˌ (ˌa)	′ (a′)	secondary stress when before the primary stress; unstressed full vowel when after the primary stress, as in battlefield (phonetically [ˈbætəlˌfiːld], phonologically /ˈbætəlfiːld/)
a.a	a-a	division between syllables
̩		syllabic consonant, as in ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]
ʔ		glottal stop, as in uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/, [ˈʌ̆ʔ˦oʊ˨]
̃ (ã)	ɴ (aɴ)	nasalization, as in croissant /ˈkɹwæsɒ̃/

같이 보기

각주

[AHD-1] 1.0 ^1.1 매개변수 오류: url 및 제목 매개변수가 필요합니다. (url: https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf).

[oxforda-2] RP /æ/ is sometimes transcribed /a/, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.

[badlad-3] See bad–lad split for more discussion of the vowel /æ/ in Australian English.

[Mary-marry-merry-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 In many accents in the United States and most accents in Canada, some or all of the vowels of Mary, marry, and merry are merged (the Mary–marry–merry merger). If all three are merged, the resulting vowel is usually transcribed /ɛɹ/. In accents that distinguish all three, marry has /æɹ/, merry has /ɛɹ/, and Mary has /eɹ/.

[airsymbol-5] An older alternative symbol to RP /ɛə/ is /eə/, reflecting the mid height of the vowel in earlier RP, and the fact that it was a centring diphthong.

[RP_centring_diphthongs-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 RP in the early 20th century had five centring diphthongs /ɑə/, /eə/, /ɪə/, /ɔə/, /ʊə/. Of these, /ɔə/ in force formerly contrasted with a long vowel /ɔː/ in north, thought. All of them are now generally pronounced as long monophthongs (pure vowels) /ɑː/, /ɔː/, /ɛː/, /ɪː/, /ɵː/ (monophthongization). However, many words that formerly had /ʊə/ (= /ɵː/) are now pronounced with /ɔː/. /ɑə/ monophthongized first, very early in the 20th century, then /ɔə/, and more recently the rest.

[near-square-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Many speakers of New Zealand English, especially younger speakers, make no distinction between the vowels of near and square; see near–square merger for more discussion.

[collinse-8] /ɛ/ is sometimes transcribed /e/ for RP—for example, in the Collins English Dictionary.

[happYvowel-9] In some dictionaries such as the Longman and the Collins English dictionaries, /i/ is used as an archiphoneme to represent the neutralization of the distinction between /ɪ/ and /iː/ in this position.

[10] For RP, /aɪ/ is also transcribed (e.g. by Oxford University Press) as /ʌɪ/.

[borrow-forest-11] 11.0 ^11.1 The words borrow, sorry, sorrow, tomorrow, and, for some speakers, morrow, and words derived from these, are most often pronounced with /ɑɹ/ (like start) in GenAm, while other words like horror and forest are more often pronounced with /oɹ/ (like horse, hoarse). See e.g. borrow, sorry, horror, forest in Merriam-Webster.

[prevocalic_or-12] This sequence only occurs before another vowel. In General American accents influenced by some American English dialects, such as eastern coastal American English, the /ɑɹ/ in forest and origin is distinguished from the /oɹ/ in horse and north, unlike in General American. See Mergers of /ɒɹ-/ and /ɔːɹ-/ for more details.

[or-notation-13] 13.0 ^13.1 General American /oɹ/ is alternatively transcribed in other dictionaries as [oɚ, ɔɚ] (Merriam-Webster), /ɔːr/ (Cambridge, Longman), /ɔr/ (Collins), and /oʊr/ (Dictionary.com). Discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#the vowel of floor, horse, etc in GenAm.

[General_American_law-14] In varieties of General American where the vowels of lot and thought are merged (cot–caught merger), the merged vowel is transcribed /ɑ/.

[strut-15] Some linguists, such as Geoff Lindsey, former phonetics lecturer at University College London, and Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego, argue that /ʌ/ is not distinct from /ə/ in General American. Compare the note about the nurse vowel, /ɜɹ ~ əɹ/. This has been discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#ʌ in American English pronunciations.

[North_American_er-16] 16.0 ^16.1 The nurse vowel /ɜɹ/ is generally not considered phonemically distinct from /əɹ/ in General American and Canadian English (see for instance this article by Will Styler, professor of linguistics at UC San Diego). It is transcribed distinctly for consistency with the Received Pronunciation transcription system and because they differ in aspects like stress; however, dictionaries of the Oxford University Press such as the Oxford English Dictionary transcribe the nurse vowel as /əː/ for RP and British English as well as US English. The Merriam–Webster Dictionary uses non-IPA "ər" (corresponding to IPA [ɜɹ, əɹ] for both /ɜɹ/ and /əɹ/. Compare the note about the strut vowel, /ʌ/ ~ /ə/. This has been discussed at Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2022/November#/ɝ/ vs /ɚ/ in GenAm.

[interchangeableVR-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Separate from the question of whether /ɜɹ/ and /əɹ/ are the same, reference works differ in whether they transcribe these sounds as /Vɹ/~/Vr/ or /V˞/: these notations are interchangeable. /ɜɹ/ refers to the same sound as /ɝ/. /ɚ/ refers to the same sound as /əɹ/.

[AHD-18] 매개변수 오류: url 및 제목 매개변수가 필요합니다. (url: https://www.ahdictionary.com/application/resources/misc/pronkey.pdf).

[19] Some phonologists dispute that /ʍ/ is a distinct phoneme in English, and use /hw/ instead.

[20] The AHD uses ᴋʜ not only for /x/ but also for /ç/, as in the German pronunciation of Königsberg. /ç/ is not phonemic in GA or RP, but occurs as an allophone of /hj/ in many dialects, e.g. in human (however, the AHD represents it as h in English words).

[cons-21] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Some phonologists dispute that /l̩/, /n̩/, /m̩/ are distinct phonemes in English, and use /əl/, /ən/, /əm/ instead.

[22] Often written /r/, especially in works that cover only English, even though the sound is usually not a trill. For further information, see Pronunciation of English /r/.

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